Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, specifically in the cortex. It plays a crucial role in the body’s response to stress, being released in higher amounts during stressful situations. Cortisol levels typically peak in the morning and gradually decrease throughout the day.

Functions of Cortisol

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1. Energy Regulation

Cortisol helps maintain energy levels by increasing blood sugar through glycogenolysis, which is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. This ensures the body has readily available energy, especially during stress.

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2. Metabolism

The hormone aids in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, ensuring the body can effectively utilize these nutrients for energy.

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3. Immune System Suppression

Cortisol has anti-inflammatory properties and can suppress the immune system, which is beneficial in acute stress situations where the immediate need for energy outweighs the need for immune response.

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4. Fight or Flight Response

During emergencies, cortisol supports the "fight or flight" response by providing a quick energy boost, allowing the body to react swiftly to danger. This often comes at the expense of other bodily functions, like muscle maintenance and immune response, highlighting the trade-offs involved in stress management.

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While cortisol is essential for responding to stress and maintaining energy balance, chronic elevation of cortisol due to ongoing stress can lead to negative health effects, such as weight gain, anxiety, and immune system suppression.